Module: sage.graphs.graph_generators
A collection of constructors of common graphs.
USE:
To see a list of all graph constructors, type "graphs." and then press the tab key. The documentation for each constructor includes information about each graph, which provides a useful reference.
PLOTTING: All graphs (i.e., networks) have an associated SAGE graphics object, which you can display:
sage: G = graphs.WheelGraph(15) sage: P = G.plot() sage: P.show()
If you create a graph in SAGE using the Graph
command, then
plot that graph, the positioning of nodes is determined using the
spring-layout algorithm. For the special graph constructors,
which you get using graphs.[tab]
, the positions are preset.
For example, consider the Petersen graph with default node
positioning vs. the Petersen graph constructed by this database:
sage: petersen_spring = Graph({0:[1,4,5], 1:[0,2,6], 2:[1,3,7], 3:[2,4,8], 4:[0,3,9], 5:[0,7,8], 6:[1,8,9], 7:[2,5,9], 8:[3,5,6], 9:[4,6,7]}) sage: petersen_spring.show() sage: petersen_database = graphs.PetersenGraph() sage: petersen_database.show()
For all the constructors in this database (except the octahedral, dodecahedral, random and empty graphs), the position dictionary is filled in, instead of using the spring-layout algorithm.
For further visual examples and explanation, see the docstrings below, particularly for CycleGraph, StarGraph, WheelGraph, CompleteGraph and CompleteBipartiteGraph.
ORGANIZATION: The constructors available in this database are organized as follows:
Basic Structures: - BarbellGraph - BullGraph - CircularLadderGraph - ClawGraph - CycleGraph - DiamondGraph - EmptyGraph - Grid2dGraph - GridGraph - HouseGraph - HouseXGraph - KrackhardtKiteGraph - LadderGraph - LollipopGraph - PathGraph - StarGraph - WheelGraph Platonic Solids: - TetrahedralGraph - HexahedralGraph - OctahedralGraph - IcosahedralGraph - DodecahedralGraph Named Graphs: - ChvatalGraph - DesarguesGraph - FlowerSnark - FruchtGraph - HeawoodGraph - HoffmanSingletonGraph - MoebiusKantorGraph - Pappus Graph - PetersenGraph - ThomsenGraph Families of Graphs: - CirculantGraph - CompleteGraph - CompleteBipartiteGraph - CubeGraph - BalancedTree - LCFGraph Pseudofractal Graphs: - DorogovtsevGoltsevMendesGraph Random Graphs: - RandomGNP - RandomBarabasiAlbert - RandomGNM - RandomNewmanWattsStrogatz - RandomHolmeKim - RandomLobster - RandomTreePowerlaw - RandomRegular - RandomShell Random Directed Graphs: - RandomDirectedGN - RandomDirectedGNC - RandomDirectedGNR Graphs with a given degree sequence: - DegreeSequence - DegreeSequenceConfigurationModel - DegreeSequenceTree - DegreeSequenceExpected
Author Log:
Module-level Functions
g, aut_gens, property, [dig=False]) |
Main function for exhaustive generation. Recursive traversal of a canonically generated tree of isomorph free graphs satisfying a given property.
Input:
sage: from sage.graphs.graph_generators import canaug_traverse_edge sage: G = Graph(3) sage: list(canaug_traverse_edge(G, [], lambda x: True)) [Graph on 3 vertices, ... Graph on 3 vertices]
The best way to access this function is through the graphs() iterator:
Print graphs on 3 or less vertices.
sage: for G in graphs(3): ... print G ... Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 3 vertices
Print digraphs on 3 or less vertices.
sage: for G in digraphs(3): ... print G ... Digraph on 3 vertices Digraph on 3 vertices ... Digraph on 3 vertices Digraph on 3 vertices
Generate all graphs with 5 vertices and up to 4 edges.
sage: L = list(graphs(5, lambda G: G.size() <= 4)) sage: len(L) 14 sage: graphs_list.show_graphs(L) # long time
Generate all bipartite graphs on 7 vertices:
sage: L = list( graphs(7, lambda G: G.is_bipartite()) ) sage: len(L) 88
g, aut_gens, max_verts, property, [dig=False]) |
Main function for exhaustive generation. Recursive traversal of a canonically generated tree of isomorph free (di)graphs satisfying a given property.
Input:
sage: from sage.graphs.graph_generators import canaug_traverse_vert sage: list(canaug_traverse_vert(Graph(), [], 3, lambda x: True)) [Graph on 0 vertices, ... Graph on 3 vertices]
The best way to access this function is through the graphs() iterator:
Print graphs on 3 or less vertices.
sage: for G in graphs(3, augment='vertices'): ... print G ... Graph on 0 vertices Graph on 1 vertex Graph on 2 vertices Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 2 vertices Graph on 3 vertices
Print digraphs on 2 or less vertices.
sage: for D in digraphs(2, augment='vertices'): ... print D ... Digraph on 0 vertices Digraph on 1 vertex Digraph on 2 vertices Digraph on 2 vertices Digraph on 2 vertices
Generate all graphs with up to 5 vertices and up to 4 edges.
sage: L = list(graphs(5, lambda G: G.size() <= 4, augment='vertices')) sage: len(L) 31 sage: graphs_list.show_graphs(L) # long time
Generate all bipartite graphs on up to 7 vertices:
sage: L = list( graphs(7, lambda G: G.is_bipartite(), augment='vertices') ) sage: len(L) 150
aut_gens, cut_vert, n) |
Helper function for exhaustive generation.
At the start, check_aut is given a set of generators for the automorphism group, aut_gens. We already know we are looking for an element of the auto- morphism group that sends cut_vert to n, and check_aut generates these for the canaug_traverse function.
Note that the last two entries indicate that none of the automorphism group has yet been searched - we are starting at the identity [0, 1, 2, 3] and so far that is all we have seen. We return automorphisms mapping 2 to 3.
sage: from sage.graphs.graph_generators import check_aut sage: list( check_aut( [ [0, 3, 2, 1], [1, 0, 3, 2], [2, 1, 0, 3] ], 2, 3)) [[1, 0, 3, 2], [1, 2, 3, 0]]
aut_gens, cut_edge, i, j, n, [dig=False]) |
Helper function for exhaustive generation.
At the start, check_aut_edge is given a set of generators for the automorphism group, aut_gens. We already know we are looking for an element of the auto- morphism group that sends cut_edge to {i, j}, and check_aut generates these for the canaug_traverse function.
Note that the last two entries indicate that none of the automorphism group has yet been searched - we are starting at the identity [0, 1, 2, 3] and so far that is all we have seen. We return automorphisms mapping 2 to 3.
sage: from sage.graphs.graph_generators import check_aut sage: list( check_aut( [ [0, 3, 2, 1], [1, 0, 3, 2], [2, 1, 0, 3] ], 2, 3)) [[1, 0, 3, 2], [1, 2, 3, 0]]
Class: DiGraphGenerators
A list of all graphs and graph structures in this database is available via tab completion. Type "digraphs." and then hit tab to see which graphs are available.
The docstrings include educational information about each named digraph with the hopes that this class can be used as a reference.
The constructors currently in this class include:
Random Directed Graphs: - RandomDirectedGN - RandomDirectedGNC - RandomDirectedGNR
Functions: ButterflyGraph,
RandomDirectedGN,
RandomDirectedGNC,
RandomDirectedGNR
self, n, [vertices=strings]) |
Returns a n-dimensional butterfly graph. The vertices consist of pairs (v,i), where v is an n-dimensional tuple (vector) with binary entries (or a string representation of such) and i is an integer in [0..n]. A directed edge goes from (v,i) to (w,i+1) if v and w are identical except for possibly v[i] != w[i].
A butterfly graph has
vertices and
edges.
Input:
sage: digraphs.ButterflyGraph(2).edges(labels=False) [(('00', 0), ('00', 1)), (('00', 0), ('10', 1)), (('00', 1), ('00', 2)), (('00', 1), ('01', 2)), (('01', 0), ('01', 1)), (('01', 0), ('11', 1)), (('01', 1), ('00', 2)), (('01', 1), ('01', 2)), (('10', 0), ('00', 1)), (('10', 0), ('10', 1)), (('10', 1), ('10', 2)), (('10', 1), ('11', 2)), (('11', 0), ('01', 1)), (('11', 0), ('11', 1)), (('11', 1), ('10', 2)), (('11', 1), ('11', 2))] sage: digraphs.ButterflyGraph(2,vertices='vectors').edges(labels=False) [(((0, 0), 0), ((0, 0), 1)), (((0, 0), 0), ((1, 0), 1)), (((0, 0), 1), ((0, 0), 2)), (((0, 0), 1), ((0, 1), 2)), (((0, 1), 0), ((0, 1), 1)), (((0, 1), 0), ((1, 1), 1)), (((0, 1), 1), ((0, 0), 2)), (((0, 1), 1), ((0, 1), 2)), (((1, 0), 0), ((0, 0), 1)), (((1, 0), 0), ((1, 0), 1)), (((1, 0), 1), ((1, 0), 2)), (((1, 0), 1), ((1, 1), 2)), (((1, 1), 0), ((0, 1), 1)), (((1, 1), 0), ((1, 1), 1)), (((1, 1), 1), ((1, 0), 2)), (((1, 1), 1), ((1, 1), 2))]
self, n, [kernel=<function <lambda> at 0x25417d0>], [seed=None]) |
Returns a random GN (growing network) digraph with n vertices.
The digraph is constructed by adding vertices with a link to one previously added vertex. The vertex to link to is chosen with a preferential attachment model, i.e. probability is proportional to degree. The default attachment kernel is a linear function of degree. The digraph is always a tree, so in particular it is a directed acyclic graph.
Input:
sage: D = digraphs.RandomDirectedGN(25) sage: D.edges(labels=False) [(1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 1), (4, 0), (5, 0), (6, 1), (7, 0), (8, 3), (9, 0), (10, 8), (11, 3), (12, 9), (13, 8), (14, 0), (15, 11), (16, 11), (17, 5), (18, 11), (19, 6), (20, 5), (21, 14), (22, 5), (23, 18), (24, 11)] sage: D.plot().show() # or D.show()
REFERENCE: [1] Krapivsky, P.L. and Redner, S. Organization of Growing Random Networks, Phys. Rev. E vol. 63 (2001), p. 066123.
self, n, [seed=None]) |
Returns a random GNC (growing network with copying) digraph with n vertices.
The digraph is constructed by adding vertices with a link to one previously added vertex. The vertex to link to is chosen with a preferential attachment model, i.e. probability is proportional to degree. The new vertex is also linked to all of the previously added vertex's successors.
Input:
sage: D = digraphs.RandomDirectedGNC(25) sage: D.edges(labels=False) [(1, 0), (2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0), (4, 0), (4, 1), (5, 0), (5, 1), (5, 2), (6, 0), (6, 1), (7, 0), (7, 1), (7, 4), (8, 0), (9, 0), (9, 8), (10, 0), (10, 1), (10, 2), (10, 5), (11, 0), (11, 8), (11, 9), (12, 0), (12, 8), (12, 9), (13, 0), (13, 1), (14, 0), (14, 8), (14, 9), (14, 12), (15, 0), (15, 8), (15, 9), (15, 12), (16, 0), (16, 1), (16, 4), (16, 7), (17, 0), (17, 8), (17, 9), (17, 12), (18, 0), (18, 8), (19, 0), (19, 1), (19, 4), (19, 7), (20, 0), (20, 1), (20, 4), (20, 7), (20, 16), (21, 0), (21, 8), (22, 0), (22, 1), (22, 4), (22, 7), (22, 19), (23, 0), (23, 8), (23, 9), (23, 12), (23, 14), (24, 0), (24, 8), (24, 9), (24, 12), (24, 15)] sage: D.plot().show() # or D.show()
REFERENCE: [1] Krapivsky, P.L. and Redner, S. Network Growth by Copying, Phys. Rev. E vol. 71 (2005), p. 036118.
self, n, p, [seed=None]) |
Returns a random GNR (growing network with redirection) digraph with n vertices and redirection probability p.
The digraph is constructed by adding vertices with a link to one previously added vertex. The vertex to link to is chosen uniformly. With probability p, the arc is instead redirected to the successor vertex. The digraph is always a tree.
Input:
sage: D = digraphs.RandomDirectedGNR(25, .2) sage: D.edges(labels=False) [(1, 0), (2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0), (4, 0), (4, 1), (5, 0), (5, 1), (5, 2), (6, 0), (6, 1), (7, 0), (7, 1), (7, 4), (8, 0), (9, 0), (9, 8), (10, 0), (10, 1), (10, 2), (10, 5), (11, 0), (11, 8), (11, 9), (12, 0), (12, 8), (12, 9), (13, 0), (13, 1), (14, 0), (14, 8), (14, 9), (14, 12), (15, 0), (15, 8), (15, 9), (15, 12), (16, 0), (16, 1), (16, 4), (16, 7), (17, 0), (17, 8), (17, 9), (17, 12), (18, 0), (18, 8), (19, 0), (19, 1), (19, 4), (19, 7), (20, 0), (20, 1), (20, 4), (20, 7), (20, 16), (21, 0), (21, 8), (22, 0), (22, 1), (22, 4), (22, 7), (22, 19), (23, 0), (23, 8), (23, 9), (23, 12), (23, 14), (24, 0), (24, 8), (24, 9), (24, 12), (24, 15)] sage: D.plot().show() # or D.show()
REFERENCE: [1] Krapivsky, P.L. and Redner, S. Organization of Growing Random Networks, Phys. Rev. E vol. 63 (2001), p. 066123.
Special Functions: __call__
self, vertices, [property=<function <lambda> at 0x25419b0>], [augment=edges], [size=None]) |
Accesses the generator of isomorphism class representatives. Iterates over distinct, exhaustive representatives.
Input:
Print digraphs on 2 or less vertices.
sage: for D in digraphs(2, augment='vertices'): ... print D ... Digraph on 0 vertices Digraph on 1 vertex Digraph on 2 vertices Digraph on 2 vertices Digraph on 2 vertices
Print digraphs on 3 vertices.
sage: for D in digraphs(3): ... print D Digraph on 3 vertices Digraph on 3 vertices ... Digraph on 3 vertices Digraph on 3 vertices
Generate all digraphs with 4 vertices and 3 edges.
sage: L = digraphs(4, size=3) sage: len(list(L)) 13
Generate all digraphs with 4 vertices and up to 3 edges.
sage: L = list(digraphs(4, lambda G: G.size() <= 3)) sage: len(L) 20 sage: graphs_list.show_graphs(L) # long time
Generate all digraphs with degree at most 2, up to 5 vertices.
sage: property = lambda G: ( max([G.degree(v) for v in G] + [0]) <= 2 ) sage: L = list(digraphs(5, property, augment='vertices')) sage: len(L) 75
Generate digraphs on the fly: (see http://www.research.att.com/ njas/sequences/A000273)
sage: for i in range(0, 5): ... print len(list(digraphs(i))) 1 1 3 16 218
REFERENCE: Brendan D. McKay, Isomorph-Free Exhaustive generation. Journal of Algorithms Volume 26, Issue 2, February 1998, pages 306-324.
Class: GraphGenerators
A list of all graphs and graph structures in this database is available via tab completion. Type "graphs." and then hit tab to see which graphs are available.
The docstrings include educational information about each named graph with the hopes that this class can be used as a reference.
For all the constructors in this class (except the octahedral, dodecahedral, random and empty graphs), the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm.
The constructors currently in this class include:
Basic Structures: - BarbellGraph - BullGraph - CircularLadderGraph - ClawGraph - CycleGraph - DiamondGraph - EmptyGraph - Grid2dGraph - GridGraph - HouseGraph - HouseXGraph - KrackhardtKiteGraph - LadderGraph - LollipopGraph - PathGraph - StarGraph - WheelGraph Platonic Solids: - TetrahedralGraph - HexahedralGraph - OctahedralGraph - IcosahedralGraph - DodecahedralGraph Named Graphs: - ChvatalGraph - DesarguesGraph - FlowerSnark - FruchtGraph - HeawoodGraph - HoffmanSingletonGraph - MoebiusKantorGraph - PappusGraph - PetersenGraph - ThomsenGraph Families of Graphs: - CirculantGraph - CompleteGraph - CompleteBipartiteGraph - CubeGraph - BalancedTree - LCFGraph Pseudofractal Graphs: - DorogovtsevGoltsevMendesGraph Random Graphs: - RandomGNP - RandomBarabasiAlbert - RandomGNM - RandomNewmanWattsStrogatz - RandomHolmeKim - RandomLobster - RandomTreePowerlaw - RandomRegular - RandomShell Graphs with a given degree sequence: - DegreeSequence - DegreeSequenceConfigurationModel - DegreeSequenceTree - DegreeSequenceExpected
Functions: BalancedTree,
BarbellGraph,
BullGraph,
ChvatalGraph,
CirculantGraph,
CircularLadderGraph,
ClawGraph,
CompleteBipartiteGraph,
CompleteGraph,
CubeGraph,
CycleGraph,
DegreeSequence,
DegreeSequenceConfigurationModel,
DegreeSequenceExpected,
DegreeSequenceTree,
DesarguesGraph,
DiamondGraph,
DodecahedralGraph,
DorogovtsevGoltsevMendesGraph,
EmptyGraph,
FlowerSnark,
FruchtGraph,
Grid2dGraph,
GridGraph,
HeawoodGraph,
HexahedralGraph,
HoffmanSingletonGraph,
HouseGraph,
HouseXGraph,
IcosahedralGraph,
KrackhardtKiteGraph,
LadderGraph,
LCFGraph,
LollipopGraph,
MoebiusKantorGraph,
nauty_geng,
OctahedralGraph,
PappusGraph,
PathGraph,
PetersenGraph,
RandomBarabasiAlbert,
RandomGNM,
RandomGNP,
RandomHolmeKim,
RandomLobster,
RandomNewmanWattsStrogatz,
RandomRegular,
RandomShell,
RandomTreePowerlaw,
StarGraph,
TetrahedralGraph,
ThomsenGraph,
trees,
WheelGraph
self, r, h) |
Returns the perfectly balanced tree of height
, whose root
has degree
.
The number of vertices of this graph is
,
that is,
. The number of edges is one less
than the number of vertices.
Plot a balanced tree of height 4 with r = 3
sage: G = graphs.BalancedTree(3, 5) sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
self, n1, n2) |
Returns a barbell graph with 2*n1 + n2 nodes. n1 must be greater than or equal to 2.
A barbell graph is a basic structure that consists of a path graph of order n2 connecting two complete graphs of order n1 each.
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labels. In this case, the (n1)th node connects to the path graph from one complete graph and the (n1+n2+1)th node connects to the path graph from the other complete graph.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, each barbell graph will be displayed with the two complete graphs in the lower-left and upper-right corners, with the path graph connecting diagonally between the two. Thus the (n1)th node will be drawn at a 45 degree angle from the horizontal right center of the first complete graph, and the (n1+n2+1)th node will be drawn 45 degrees below the left horizontal center of the second complete graph.
Construct and show a barbell graph Bar = 4, Bells = 9
sage: g = graphs.BarbellGraph(9,4) sage: g.show()
Create several barbell graphs in a SAGE graphics array
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(6): ... k = graphs.BarbellGraph(i+2,4) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(2): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self) |
Returns a bull graph with 5 nodes.
A bull graph is named for its shape. It's a triangle with horns.
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labeling.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the bull graph is drawn as a triangle with the first node (0) on the bottom. The second and third nodes (1 and 2) complete the triangle. Node 3 is the horn connected to 1 and node 4 is the horn connected to node 2.
Construct and show a bull graph
sage: g = graphs.BullGraph() sage: g.show()
self) |
Returns the Chvatal graph.
The Chvatal graph has 12 vertices. It is a 4-regular, 4-chromatic graph. It is one of the few known graphs to satisfy Grunbaum's conjecture that for every m > 1, n > 2, there is an m-regular, m-chromatic graph of girth at least n.
sage: G = graphs.ChvatalGraph() sage: G.degree() [4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4]
self, n, adjacency) |
Returns a circulant graph with n nodes.
A circulant graph has the property that the vertex i is connected with the vertices i+j and i-j for each j in adj.
Input:
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, each circulant graph will be displayed with the first (0) node at the top, with the rest following in a counterclockwise manner.
Filling the position dictionary in advance adds O(n) to the constructor.
Compare plotting using the predefined layout and networkx:
sage: import networkx sage: n = networkx.cycle_graph(23) sage: spring23 = Graph(n) sage: posdict23 = graphs.CirculantGraph(23,2) sage: spring23.show() sage: posdict23.show()
We next view many cycle graphs as a SAGE graphics array.
First we use the CirculantGraph
constructor, which fills in
the position dictionary:
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.CirculantGraph(i+3,i) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
Compare to plotting with the spring-layout algorithm:
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... spr = networkx.cycle_graph(i+3) ... k = Graph(spr) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
Passing a 1 into adjacency should give the cycle.
sage: graphs.CirculantGraph(6,1)==graphs.CycleGraph(6) True sage: graphs.CirculantGraph(7,[1,3]).edges(labels=false) [(0, 1), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 6), (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 6)]
self, n) |
Returns a circular ladder graph with 2*n nodes.
A Circular ladder graph is a ladder graph that is connected at the ends, i.e.: a ladder bent around so that top meets bottom. Thus it can be described as two parallel cycle graphs connected at each corresponding node pair.
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labels.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the circular ladder graph is displayed as an inner and outer cycle pair, with the first n nodes drawn on the inner circle. The first (0) node is drawn at the top of the inner-circle, moving clockwise after that. The outer circle is drawn with the (n+1)th node at the top, then counterclockwise as well.
Construct and show a circular ladder graph with 26 nodes
sage: g = graphs.CircularLadderGraph(13) sage: g.show()
Create several circular ladder graphs in a SAGE graphics array
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.CircularLadderGraph(i+3) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self) |
Returns a claw graph.
A claw graph is named for its shape. It is actually a complete bipartite graph with (n1, n2) = (1, 3).
PLOTTING: See CompleteBipartiteGraph.
Show a Claw graph
sage: (graphs.ClawGraph()).show()
Inspect a Claw graph
sage: G = graphs.ClawGraph() sage: G Claw graph: Graph on 4 vertices
self, n1, n2) |
Returns a Complete Bipartite Graph sized n1+n2, with each of the nodes [0,(n1-1)] connected to each of the nodes [n1,(n2-1)] and vice versa.
A Complete Bipartite Graph is a graph with its vertices partitioned into two groups, V1 and V2. Each v in V1 is connected to every v in V2, and vice versa.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, each complete bipartite graph will be displayed with the first n1 nodes on the top row (at y=1) from left to right. The remaining n2 nodes appear at y=0, also from left to right. The shorter row (partition with fewer nodes) is stretched to the same length as the longer row, unless the shorter row has 1 node; in which case it is centered. The x values in the plot are in domain [0,maxn1,n2].
In the Complete Bipartite graph, there is a visual difference in using the spring-layout algorithm vs. the position dictionary used in this constructor. The position dictionary flattens the graph and separates the partitioned nodes, making it clear which nodes an edge is connected to. The Complete Bipartite graph plotted with the spring-layout algorithm tends to center the nodes in n1 (see spring_med in examples below), thus overlapping its nodes and edges, making it typically hard to decipher.
Filling the position dictionary in advance adds O(n) to the
constructor. Feel free to race the constructors below in the
examples section. The much larger difference is the time added by
the spring-layout algorithm when plotting. (Also shown in the
example below). The spring model is typically described as
,
as appears to be the case in the NetworkX source code.
Two ways of constructing the complete bipartite graph, using different layout algorithms:
sage: import networkx sage: n = networkx.complete_bipartite_graph(389,157); spring_big = Graph(n) # long time sage: posdict_big = graphs.CompleteBipartiteGraph(389,157) # long time
Compare the plotting:
sage: n = networkx.complete_bipartite_graph(11,17) sage: spring_med = Graph(n) sage: posdict_med = graphs.CompleteBipartiteGraph(11,17)
Notice here how the spring-layout tends to center the nodes of n1
sage: spring_med.show() sage: posdict_med.show()
View many complete bipartite graphs with a SAGE Graphics Array, with this constructor (i.e., the position dictionary filled):
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.CompleteBipartiteGraph(i+1,4) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
We compare to plotting with the spring-layout algorithm:
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... spr = networkx.complete_bipartite_graph(i+1,4) ... k = Graph(spr) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self, n) |
Returns a complete graph on n nodes.
A Complete Graph is a graph in which all nodes are connected to all other nodes.
This constructor is dependant on vertices numbered 0 through n-1 in NetworkX complete_graph()
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, each complete graph will be displayed with the first (0) node at the top, with the rest following in a counterclockwise manner.
In the complete graph, there is a big difference visually in using the spring-layout algorithm vs. the position dictionary used in this constructor. The position dictionary flattens the graph, making it clear which nodes an edge is connected to. But the complete graph offers a good example of how the spring-layout works. The edges push outward (everything is connected), causing the graph to appear as a 3-dimensional pointy ball. (See examples below).
We view many Complete graphs with a SAGE Graphics Array, first with this constructor (i.e., the position dictionary filled):
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.CompleteGraph(i+3) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
We compare to plotting with the spring-layout algorithm:
sage: import networkx sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... spr = networkx.complete_graph(i+3) ... k = Graph(spr) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
Compare the constructors (results will vary)
sage: import networkx sage: t = cputime() sage: n = networkx.complete_graph(389); spring389 = Graph(n) sage: cputime(t) # random 0.59203700000000126 sage: t = cputime() sage: posdict389 = graphs.CompleteGraph(389) sage: cputime(t) # random 0.6680419999999998
We compare plotting:
sage: import networkx sage: n = networkx.complete_graph(23) sage: spring23 = Graph(n) sage: posdict23 = graphs.CompleteGraph(23) sage: spring23.show() sage: posdict23.show()
self, n) |
Author: Robert Miller
PLOTTING: See commented source code.
Plot several n-cubes in a SAGE Graphics Array
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(6): ... k = graphs.CubeGraph(i+1) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(2): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show(figsize=[6,4])
Use the plot options to display larger n-cubes
sage: g = graphs.CubeGraph(9) sage: g.show(figsize=[12,12],vertex_labels=False, vertex_size=20)
self, n) |
Returns a cycle graph with n nodes.
A cycle graph is a basic structure which is also typically called an n-gon.
This constructor is dependant on vertices numbered 0 through n-1
in NetworkX cycle_graph()
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, each cycle graph will be displayed with the first (0) node at the top, with the rest following in a counterclockwise manner.
The cycle graph is a good opportunity to compare efficiency of filling a position dictionary vs. using the spring-layout algorithm for plotting. Because the cycle graph is very symmetric, the resulting plots should be similar (in cases of small n).
Filling the position dictionary in advance adds O(n) to the constructor.
Compare plotting using the predefined layout and networkx:
sage: import networkx sage: n = networkx.cycle_graph(23) sage: spring23 = Graph(n) sage: posdict23 = graphs.CycleGraph(23) sage: spring23.show() sage: posdict23.show()
We next view many cycle graphs as a SAGE graphics array.
First we use the CycleGraph
constructor, which fills in
the position dictionary:
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.CycleGraph(i+3) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
Compare to plotting with the spring-layout algorithm:
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... spr = networkx.cycle_graph(i+3) ... k = Graph(spr) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self, deg_sequence) |
Returns a graph with the given degree sequence. Raises a NetworkX error if the proposed degree sequence cannot be that of a graph.
Graph returned is the one returned by the Havel-Hakimi algorithm, which constructs a simple graph by connecting vertices of highest degree to other vertices of highest degree, resorting the remaining vertices by degree and repeating the process. See Theorem 1.4 in [1].
Input:
sage: G = graphs.DegreeSequence([3,3,3,3]) sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)] sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
sage: G = graphs.DegreeSequence([3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3]) sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
sage: G = graphs.DegreeSequence([4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4]) sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
sage: G = graphs.DegreeSequence([1,2,3,4,3,4,3,2,3,2,1]) sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
REFERENCE: [1] Chartrand, G. and Lesniak, L. Graphs and Digraphs. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 1996.
self, deg_sequence, [seed=None]) |
Returns a random pseudograph with the given degree sequence. Raises a NetworkX error if the proposed degree sequence cannot be that of a graph with multiple edges and loops.
One requirement is that the sum of the degrees must be even, since every edge must be incident with two vertices.
Input:
sage: G = graphs.DegreeSequenceConfigurationModel([1,1]) sage: G.adjacency_matrix() [0 1] [1 0]
Note: as of this writing, plotting of loops and multiple edges is not supported, and the output is allowed to contain both types of edges.
sage: G = graphs.DegreeSequenceConfigurationModel([3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3]) sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(0, 2), (0, 10), (0, 15), (1, 6), (1, 16), (1, 17), (2, 5), (2, 19), (3, 7), (3, 14), (3, 14), (4, 9), (4, 13), (4, 19), (5, 6), (5, 15), (6, 11), (7, 11), (7, 17), (8, 11), (8, 18), (8, 19), (9, 12), (9, 13), (10, 15), (10, 18), (12, 13), (12, 16), (14, 17), (16, 18)] sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
REFERENCE: [1] Newman, M.E.J. The Structure and function of complex networks, SIAM Review vol. 45, no. 2 (2003), pp. 167-256.
self, deg_sequence, [seed=None]) |
Returns a random graph with expected given degree sequence. Raises a NetworkX error if the proposed degree sequence cannot be that of a graph.
One requirement is that the sum of the degrees must be even, since every edge must be incident with two vertices.
Input:
sage: G = graphs.DegreeSequenceExpected([1,2,3,2,3]) sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3)] sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
REFERENCE: [1] Chung, Fan and Lu, L. Connected components in random graphs with given expected degree sequences. Ann. Combinatorics (6), 2002 pp. 125-145.
self, deg_sequence) |
Returns a tree with the given degree sequence. Raises a NetworkX error if the proposed degree sequence cannot be that of a tree.
Since every tree has one more vertex than edge, the degree sequence must satisfy len(deg_sequence) - sum(deg_sequence)/2 == 1.
Input:
sage: G = graphs.DegreeSequenceTree([3,1,3,3,1,1,1,2,1]) sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
self) |
Returns the Desargues graph.
PLOTTING: The layout chosen is the same as on the cover of [1].
sage: D = graphs.DesarguesGraph() sage: L = graphs.LCFGraph(20,[5,-5,9,-9],5) sage: D.is_isomorphic(L) True sage: D.plot().show() # or D.show()
REFERENCE: [1] Harary, F. Graph Theory. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994.
self) |
Returns a diamond graph with 4 nodes.
A diamond graph is a square with one pair of diagonal nodes connected.
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labeling.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the diamond graph is drawn as a diamond, with the first node on top, second on the left, third on the right, and fourth on the bottom; with the second and third node connected.
Construct and show a diamond graph
sage: g = graphs.DiamondGraph() sage: g.show()
self) |
Returns a Dodecahedral graph (with 20 nodes)
The dodecahedral graph is cubic symmetric, so the spring-layout algorithm will be very effective for display. It is dual to the icosahedral graph.
PLOTTING: The Dodecahedral graph should be viewed in 3 dimensions. We chose to use the default spring-layout algorithm here, so that multiple iterations might yield a different point of reference for the user. We hope to add rotatable, 3-dimensional viewing in the future. In such a case, a string argument will be added to select the flat spring-layout over a future implementation.
Construct and show a Dodecahdedral graph
sage: g = graphs.DodecahedralGraph() sage: g.show()
Create several dodecahedral graphs in a SAGE graphics array They will be drawn differently due to the use of the spring-layout algorithm
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.DodecahedralGraph() ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self, n) |
Construct the n-th generation of the Dorogovtsev-Goltsev-Mendes graph.
sage: G = graphs.DorogovtsevGoltsevMendesGraph(8) sage: G.size() 6561
REFERENCE: [1] Dorogovtsev, S. N., Goltsev, A. V., and Mendes, J. F. F., Pseudofractal scale-free web, Phys. Rev. E 066122 (2002).
self) |
Returns an empty graph (0 nodes and 0 edges).
This is useful for constructing graphs by adding edges and vertices individually or in a loop.
PLOTTING: When plotting, this graph will use the default spring-layout algorithm, unless a position dictionary is specified.
Add one vertex to an empty graph and then show:
sage: empty1 = graphs.EmptyGraph() sage: empty1.add_vertex() sage: empty1.show()
Use for loops to build a graph from an empty graph:
sage: empty2 = graphs.EmptyGraph() sage: for i in range(5): ... empty2.add_vertex() # add 5 nodes, labeled 0-4 ... sage: for i in range(3): ... empty2.add_edge(i,i+1) # add edges {[0:1],[1:2],[2:3]} ... sage: for i in range(4)[1:]: ... empty2.add_edge(4,i) # add edges {[1:4],[2:4],[3:4]} ... sage: empty2.show()
self) |
Returns a Flower Snark.
A flower snark has 20 vertices. It is part of the class of biconnected cubic graphs with edge chromatic number = 4, known as snarks. (i.e.: the Petersen graph). All snarks are not Hamiltonian, non-planar and have Petersen graph graph minors.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algoirithm. By convention, the nodes are drawn 0-14 on the outer circle, and 15-19 in an inner pentagon.
REFERENCES: [1] Weisstein, E. (1999). "Flower Snark - from Wolfram MathWorld". [Online] Available: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FlowerSnark.html [2007, February 17]
Inspect a flower snark:
sage: F = graphs.FlowerSnark() sage: F Flower Snark: Graph on 20 vertices sage: F.graph6_string() 'ShCGHC@?GGg@?@?Gp?K??C?CA?G?_G?Cc'
Now show it:
sage: F.show()
self) |
Returns a Frucht Graph.
A Frucht graph has 12 nodes and 18 edges. It is the smallest cubic identity graph. It is planar and it is Hamiltonian.
This constructor is dependant on Networkx's numeric labeling.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the first seven nodes are on the outer circle, with the next four on an inner circle and the last in the center.
REFERENCES: [1] Weisstein, E. (1999). "Frucht Graph - from Wolfram MathWorld". [Online] Available: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FruchtGraph.html [2007, February 17]
sage: FRUCHT = graphs.FruchtGraph() sage: FRUCHT Frucht graph: Graph on 12 vertices sage: FRUCHT.graph6_string() 'KhCKM?_EGK?L' sage: (graphs.FruchtGraph()).show()
self, n1, n2) |
Returns a 2-dimensional grid graph with n1*n2 nodes (n1 rows and n2 columns).
A 2d grid graph resembles a 2 dimensional grid. All inner nodes are connected to their 4 neighbors. Outer (non-corner) nodes are connected to their 3 neighbors. Corner nodes are connected to their 2 neighbors.
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labels.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, nodes are labelled in (row, column) pairs with (0, 0) in the top left corner. Edges will always be horizontal and vertical - another advantage of filling the position dictionary.
Construct and show a grid 2d graph Rows = 5, Columns = 7
sage: g = graphs.Grid2dGraph(5,7) sage: g.show()
self, dim_list) |
Returns an n-dimensional grid graph.
Input:
PLOTTING: When plotting, this graph will use the default spring-layout algorithm, unless a position dictionary is specified.
sage: G = graphs.GridGraph([2,3,4]) sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
sage: C = graphs.CubeGraph(4) sage: G = graphs.GridGraph([2,2,2,2]) sage: C.plot().show() # or C.show() sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
self) |
Returns a Heawood graph.
The Heawood graph is a cage graph that has 14 nodes. It is a cubic symmetric graph. (See also the Moebius-Kantor graph). It is nonplanar and Hamiltonian. It has diameter = 3, radius = 3, girth = 6, chromatic number = 2. It is 4-transitive but not 5-transitive.
This constructor is dependant on Networkx's numeric labeling.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the nodes are positioned in a circular layout with the first node appearing at the top, and then continuing counterclockwise.
REFERENCES: [1] Weisstein, E. (1999). "Heawood Graph - from Wolfram MathWorld". [Online] Available: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HeawoodGraph.html [2007, February 17]
sage: H = graphs.HeawoodGraph() sage: H Heawood graph: Graph on 14 vertices sage: H.graph6_string() 'MhEGHC@AI?_PC@_G_' sage: (graphs.HeawoodGraph()).show()
self) |
Returns a hexahedral graph (with 8 nodes).
A regular hexahedron is a 6-sided cube. The hexahedral graph corresponds to the connectivity of the vertices of the hexahedron. This graph is equivalent to a 3-cube.
PLOTTING: The hexahedral graph should be viewed in 3 dimensions. We chose to use the default spring-layout algorithm here, so that multiple iterations might yield a different point of reference for the user. We hope to add rotatable, 3-dimensional viewing in the future. In such a case, a string argument will be added to select the flat spring-layout over a future implementation.
Construct and show a Hexahedral graph
sage: g = graphs.HexahedralGraph() sage: g.show()
Create several hexahedral graphs in a SAGE graphics array. They will be drawn differently due to the use of the spring-layout algorithm.
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.HexahedralGraph() ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self) |
Returns the Hoffman-Singleton graph.
The Hoffman-Singleton graph is the Moore graph of degree 7, diameter 2 and girth 5. The Hoffman-Singleton theorem states that any Moore graph with girth 5 must have degree 2, 3, 7 or 57. The first three respectively are the pentagon, the Petersen graph, and the Hoffman-Singleton graph. The existence of a Moore graph with girth 5 and degree 57 is still open.
A Moore graph is a graph with diameter
and girth
. This
implies that the graph is regular, and distance regular.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. A novel algorithm written by Tom Boothby gives a random layout which is pleasing to the eye.
REFERENCES: [1] Godsil, C. and Royle, G. Algebraic Graph Theory. Springer, 2001.
sage: HS = graphs.HoffmanSingletonGraph() sage: Set(HS.degree()) {7} sage: HS.girth() 5 sage: HS.diameter() 2 sage: HS.num_verts() 50
self) |
Returns a house graph with 5 nodes.
A house graph is named for its shape. It is a triange (roof) over a square (walls).
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labeling.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the house graph is drawn with the first node in the lower-left corner of the house, the second in the lower-right corner of the house. The third node is in the upper-left corner connecting the roof to the wall, and the fourth is in the upper-right corner connecting the roof to the walll. The fifth node is the top of the roof, connected only to the third and fourth.
Construct and show a house graph
sage: g = graphs.HouseGraph() sage: g.show()
self) |
Returns a house X graph with 5 nodes.
A house X graph is a house graph with two additional edges. The upper-right corner is connected to the lower-left. And the upper-left corner is connected to the lower-right.
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labeling.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the house X graph is drawn with the first node in the lower-left corner of the house, the second in the lower-right corner of the house. The third node is in the upper-left corner connecting the roof to the wall, and the fourth is in the upper-right corner connecting the roof to the walll. The fifth node is the top of the roof, connected only to the third and fourth.
Construct and show a house X graph
sage: g = graphs.HouseXGraph() sage: g.show()
self) |
Returns an Icosahedral graph (with 12 nodes).
The regular icosahedron is a 20-sided triangular polyhedron. The icosahedral graph corresponds to the connectivity of the vertices of the icosahedron. It is dual to the dodecahedral graph. The icosahedron is symmetric, so the spring-layout algorithm will be very effective for display.
PLOTTING: The Icosahedral graph should be viewed in 3 dimensions. We chose to use the default spring-layout algorithm here, so that multiple iterations might yield a different point of reference for the user. We hope to add rotatable, 3-dimensional viewing in the future. In such a case, a string argument will be added to select the flat spring-layout over a future implementation.
Construct and show an Octahedral graph
sage: g = graphs.IcosahedralGraph() sage: g.show()
Create several icosahedral graphs in a SAGE graphics array. They will be drawn differently due to the use of the spring-layout algorithm.
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.IcosahedralGraph() ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self) |
Returns a Krackhardt kite graph with 10 nodes.
The Krackhardt kite graph was originally developed by David Krackhardt for the purpose of studying social networks. It is used to show the distinction between: degree centrality, betweeness centrality, and closeness centrality. For more information read the plotting section below in conjunction with the example.
REFERENCES: [1] Kreps, V. (2002). "Social Network Analysis". [Online] Available: http://www.fsu.edu/ spap/water/network/intro.htm [2007, January 17]
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labeling.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the graph is drawn left to right, in top to bottom row sequence of [2, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1] nodes on each row. This places the fourth node (3) in the center of the kite, with the highest degree. But the fourth node only connects nodes that are otherwise connected, or those in its clique (i.e.: Degree Centrality). The eigth (7) node is where the kite meets the tail. It has degree = 3, less than the average, but is the only connection between the kite and tail (i.e.: Betweenness Centrality). The sixth and seventh nodes (5 and 6) are drawn in the third row and have degree = 5. These nodes have the shortest path to all other nodes in the graph (i.e.: Closeness Centrality). Please execute the example for visualization.
Construct and show a Krackhardt kite graph
sage: g = graphs.KrackhardtKiteGraph() sage: g.show()
self, n) |
Returns a ladder graph with 2*n nodes.
A ladder graph is a basic structure that is typically displayed as a ladder, i.e.: two parallel path graphs connected at each corresponding node pair.
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labels.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, each ladder graph will be displayed horizontally, with the first n nodes displayed left to right on the top horizontal line.
Construct and show a ladder graph with 14 nodes
sage: g = graphs.LadderGraph(7) sage: g.show()
Create several ladder graphs in a SAGE graphics array
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.LadderGraph(i+2) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self, n, shift_list, repeats) |
Returns the cubic graph specified in LCF notation.
LCF (Lederberg-Coxeter-Fruchte) notation is a concise way of describing cubic Hamiltonian graphs. The way a graph is constructed is as follows. Since there is a Hamiltonian cycle, we first create a cycle on n nodes. The variable shift_list = [s_0, s_1, ..., s_k-1] describes edges to be created by the following scheme: for each i, connect vertex i to vertex (i + s_i). Then, repeats specifies the number of times to repeat this process, where on the jth repeat we connect vertex (i + j*len(shift_list)) to vertex ( i + j*len(shift_list) + s_i).
Input:
sage: G = graphs.LCFGraph(4, [2,-2], 2) sage: G.is_isomorphic(graphs.TetrahedralGraph()) True
sage: G = graphs.LCFGraph(20, [10,7,4,-4,-7,10,-4,7,-7,4], 2) sage: G.is_isomorphic(graphs.DodecahedralGraph()) True
sage: G = graphs.LCFGraph(14, [5,-5], 7) sage: G.is_isomorphic(graphs.HeawoodGraph()) True
The largest cubic nonplanar graph of diameter three:
sage: G = graphs.LCFGraph(20, [-10,-7,-5,4,7,-10,-7,-4,5,7,-10,-7,6,-5,7,-10,-7,5,-6,7], 1) sage: G.degree() [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] sage: G.diameter() 3 sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
PLOTTING: LCF Graphs are plotted as an n-cycle with edges in the middle, as described above.
REFERENCES: [1] Frucht, R. "A Canonical Representation of Trivalent Hamiltonian Graphs." J. Graph Th. 1, 45-60, 1976. [2] Grunbaum, B. Convex Polytopes. New York: Wiley, pp. 362-364, 1967. [3] Lederberg, J. "DENDRAL-64: A System for Computer Construction, Enumeration and Notation of Organic Molecules as Tree Structures and Cyclic Graphs. Part II. Topology of Cyclic Graphs." Interim Report to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Grant NsG 81-60. December 15, 1965. http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/BB/A/B/I/U/_/bbabiu.pdf.
self, n1, n2) |
Returns a lollipop graph with n1+n2 nodes.
A lollipop graph is a path graph (order n2) connected to a complete graph (order n1). (A barbell graph minus one of the bells).
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labels.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the complete graph will be drawn in the lower-left corner with the (n1)th node at a 45 degree angle above the right horizontal center of the complete graph, leading directly into the path graph.
Construct and show a lollipop graph Candy = 13, Stick = 4
sage: g = graphs.LollipopGraph(13,4) sage: g.show()
Create several lollipop graphs in a SAGE graphics array
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(6): ... k = graphs.LollipopGraph(i+3,4) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(2): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self) |
Returns a Moebius-Kantor Graph.
A Moebius-Kantor graph is a cubic symmetric graph. (See also the Heawood graph). It has 16 nodes and 24 edges. It is nonplanar and Hamiltonian. It has diameter = 4, girth = 6, and chromatic number = 2. It is identical to the Generalized Petersen graph, P[8,3].
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to overwrite the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the first 8 nodes are drawn counter-clockwise in an outer circle, with the remaining eight drawn likewise nested in a smaller circular pattern. The Moebius-Kantor graph is constructed directly below from a dictionary with nodes as keys and entries represented the nodes they are connected to. Please browse this dictionary or display an example to further understand the plotting convention.
REFERENCES: [1] Weisstein, E. (1999). "Moebius-Kantor Graph - from Wolfram MathWorld". [Online] Available: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Moebius-KantorGraph.html [2007, February 17]
sage: MK = graphs.MoebiusKantorGraph() sage: MK Moebius-Kantor Graph: Graph on 16 vertices sage: MK.graph6_string() 'OhCGKE?O@?ACAC@I?Q_AS' sage: (graphs.MoebiusKantorGraph()).show()
self, [options=]) |
Calls the geng program in the optional nauty spkg to generate graphs. The options argument is passed straight to nauty.
Input:
sage: graph_list = graphs.nauty_geng("-q 3") # requires the optional nauty package sage: len(graph_list) # requires the optional nauty package 4
self) |
Returns an Octahedral graph (with 6 nodes).
The regular octahedron is an 8-sided polyhedron with triangular faces. The octahedral graph corresponds to the connectivity of the vertices of the octahedron. It is the line graph of the tetrahedral graph. The octahedral is symmetric, so the spring-layout algorithm will be very effective for display.
PLOTTING: The Octahedral graph should be viewed in 3 dimensions. We chose to use the default spring-layout algorithm here, so that multiple iterations might yield a different point of reference for the user. We hope to add rotatable, 3-dimensional viewing in the future. In such a case, a string argument will be added to select the flat spring-layout over a future implementation.
Construct and show an Octahedral graph
sage: g = graphs.OctahedralGraph() sage: g.show()
Create several octahedral graphs in a SAGE graphics array They will be drawn differently due to the use of the spring-layout algorithm
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.OctahedralGraph() ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self) |
Returns the Pappus graph, a graph on 18 vertices.
The Pappus graph is cubic, symmetric, and distance-regular.
sage: G = graphs.PappusGraph() sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show() sage: L = graphs.LCFGraph(18, [5,7,-7,7,-7,-5], 3) sage: L.plot().show() # or L.show() sage: G.is_isomorphic(L) True
self, n, [pos=None]) |
Returns a path graph with n nodes. Pos argument takes a string which is either 'circle' or 'line', (otherwise the default is used). See the plotting section below for more detail.
A path graph is a graph where all inner nodes are connected to their two neighbors and the two end-nodes are connected to their one inner neighbors. (i.e.: a cycle graph without the first and last node connected).
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labels.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, the graph may be drawn in one of two ways: The 'line' argument will draw the graph in a horizontal line (left to right) if there are less than 11 nodes. Otherwise the 'line' argument will append horizontal lines of length 10 nodes below, alternating left to right and right to left. The 'circle' argument will cause the graph to be drawn in a cycle-shape, with the first node at the top and then about the circle in a clockwise manner. By default (without an appropriate string argument) the graph will be drawn as a 'circle' if 10 < n < 41 and as a 'line' for all other n.
Show default drawing by size: 'line': n < 11
sage: p = graphs.PathGraph(10) sage: p.show()
'circle': 10 < n < 41
sage: q = graphs.PathGraph(25) sage: q.show()
'line': n > 40
sage: r = graphs.PathGraph(55) sage: r.show()
Override the default drawing:
sage: s = graphs.PathGraph(5,'circle') sage: s.show()
self) |
The Petersen Graph is a named graph that consists of 10 vertices and 15 edges, usually drawn as a five-point star embedded in a pentagon.
The Petersen Graph is a common counterexample. For example, it is not Hamiltonian.
PLOTTING: When plotting the Petersen graph with the spring-layout algorithm, we see that this graph is not very symmetric and thus the display may not be very meaningful. Efficiency of construction and plotting is not an issue, as the Petersen graph only has 10 vertices.
Our labeling convention here is to start on the outer pentagon from the top, moving counterclockwise. Then the nodes on the inner star, starting at the top and moving counterclockwise.
We compare below the Petersen graph with the default spring-layout versus a planned position dictionary of [x,y] tuples:
sage: petersen_spring = Graph({0:[1,4,5], 1:[0,2,6], 2:[1,3,7], 3:[2,4,8], 4:[0,3,9], 5:[0,7,8], 6:[1,8,9], 7:[2,5,9], 8:[3,5,6], 9:[4,6,7]}) sage: petersen_spring.show() sage: petersen_database = graphs.PetersenGraph() sage: petersen_database.show()
self, n, m, [seed=None]) |
Return a random graph created using the Barabasi-Albert preferential attachment model.
A graph with m vertices and no edges is initialized, and a graph of n vertices is grown by attaching new veritces each with m edges that are attached to existing vertices, preferentially with high degree.
Input:
We show the edge list of a random graph on 6 nodes with m = 2.
sage: graphs.RandomBarabasiAlbert(6,2).edges(labels=False) [(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 5)]
We plot a random graph on 12 nodes with m = 3.
sage: ba = graphs.RandomBarabasiAlbert(12,3) sage: ba.plot().show() # or ba.show()
We view many random graphs using a graphics array:
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.RandomBarabasiAlbert(i+3, 3) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show() # or G.show()
self, n, m, [dense=False], [seed=None]) |
Returns a graph randomly picked out of all graphs on n vertices with m edges.
Input:
We show the edge list of a random graph on 5 nodes with 10 edges.
sage: graphs.RandomGNM(5, 10).edges(labels=False) [(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)]
We plot a random graph on 12 nodes with m = 12.
sage: gnm = graphs.RandomGNM(12, 12) sage: gnm.plot().show() # or gnm.show()
We view many random graphs using a graphics array:
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.RandomGNM(i+3, i^2-i) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show() # or G.show()
self, n, p, [seed=None], [fast=True]) |
Returns a Random graph on
nodes. Each edge is inserted
independently with probability
.
IMPLEMENTATION:
This function calls the NetworkX function fast_gnp_random_graph
,
unless fast==False, then gnp_random_graph
.
REFERENCES: [1] P. Erdos and A. Renyi, On Random Graphs, Publ. Math. 6, 290 (1959). [2] E. N. Gilbert, Random Graphs, Ann. Math. Stat., 30, 1141 (1959).
PLOTTING: When plotting, this graph will use the default spring-layout algorithm, unless a position dictionary is specified.
We show the edge list of a random graph on 6 nodes with probability
:
sage: graphs.RandomGNP(6, .4).edges(labels=False) [(0, 1), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5)]
We plot a random graph on 12 nodes with probability
:
sage: gnp = graphs.RandomGNP(12,.71) sage: gnp.show()
We view many random graphs using a graphics array:
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.RandomGNP(i+3,.43) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
TIMINGS: The following timings compare the speed with fast==False and fast==True for sparse and dense graphs. (It's no different?)
sage: t=cputime(); regular_sparse = graphs.RandomGNP(389,.22) sage: cputime(t) # slightly random 0.2240130000000029
sage: t=cputime(); fast_sparse = graphs.RandomGNP(389,.22,fast=True) sage: cputime(t) # slightly random 0.22401400000000038
sage: t=cputime(); regular_dense = graphs.RandomGNP(389,.88) # long time sage: cputime(t) # slightly random 0.87205499999999958
sage: t=cputime(); fast_dense = graphs.RandomGNP(389,.88,fast=True) # long time sage: cputime(t) # slightly random 0.90005700000000033
self, n, m, p, [seed=None]) |
Returns a random graph generated by the Holme and Kim algorithm for graphs with powerlaw degree distribution and approximate average clustering.
Input:
From the NetworkX documentation: The average clustering has a hard time getting above a certain cutoff that depends on m. This cutoff is often quite low. Note that the transitivity (fraction of triangles to possible triangles) seems to go down with network size. It is essentially the Barabasi-Albert growth model with an extra step that each random edge is followed by a chance of making an edge to one of its neighbors too (and thus a triangle). This algorithm improves on B-A in the sense that it enables a higher average clustering to be attained if desired. It seems possible to have a disconnected graph with this algorithm since the initial m nodes may not be all linked to a new node on the first iteration like the BA model.
We show the edge list of a random graph on 8 nodes with 2
random edges per node and a probability
of forming
triangles.
sage: graphs.RandomHolmeKim(8, 2, 0.5).edges(labels=False) [(0, 2), (0, 4), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (4, 5), (4, 6)]
sage: G = graphs.RandomHolmeKim(12, 3, .3) sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
REFERENCE: [1] Holme, P. and Kim, B.J. Growing scale-free networks with tunable clustering, Phys. Rev. E (2002). vol 65, no 2, 026107.
self, n, p, q, [seed=None]) |
Returns a random lobster.
A lobster is a tree that reduces to a caterpillar when pruning all leaf vertices. A caterpillar is a tree that reduces to a path when pruning all leaf vertices (q=0).
Input:
We show the edge list of a random graph with 3 backbone nodes
and probabilities
and
:
sage: graphs.RandomLobster(3, 0.7, 0.3).edges(labels=False) [(0, 1), (1, 2)]
sage: G = graphs.RandomLobster(9, .6, .3) sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
self, n, k, p, [seed=None]) |
Returns a Newman-Watts-Strogatz small world random graph on n vertices.
From the NetworkX documentation: First create a ring over n nodes. Then each node in the ring is connected with its k nearest neighbors. Then shortcuts are created by adding new edges as follows: for each edge u-v in the underlying "n-ring with k nearest neighbors"; with probability p add a new edge u-w with randomly-chosen existing node w. In contrast with watts_strogatz_graph(), no edges are removed.
Input:
We show the edge list of a random graph on 7 nodes with
2 "nearest neighbors" and probability
:
sage: graphs.RandomNewmanWattsStrogatz(7, 2, 0.2).edges(labels=False) [(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 6), (1, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 6)]
sage: G = graphs.RandomNewmanWattsStrogatz(12, 2, .3) sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
REFERENCE: [1] Newman, M.E.J., Watts, D.J. and Strogatz, S.H. Random graph models of social networks. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2566-2572.
self, d, n, [seed=None]) |
Returns a random d-regular graph on n vertices, or returns False on failure.
Since every edge is incident to two vertices, n*d must be even.
Input:
We show the edge list of a random graph with 8 nodes each of degree 3.
sage: graphs.RandomRegular(3, 8) Graph on 0 vertices sage: graphs.RandomRegular(3, 8) Graph on 0 vertices sage: graphs.RandomRegular(3, 8).edges(labels=False) [(0, 1), (0, 4), (0, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 7), (3, 4), (3, 5), (5, 6), (6, 7)]
sage: G = graphs.RandomRegular(3, 20) sage: if G: ... G.plot().show() # or G.show() (random output)
REFERENCES: [1] Kim, Jeong Han and Vu, Van H. Generating random regular graphs. Proc. 35th ACM Symp. on Thy. of Comp. 2003, pp 213-222. ACM Press, San Diego, CA, USA. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/780542.780576 [2] Steger, A. and Wormald, N. Generating random regular graphs quickly. Prob. and Comp. 8 (1999), pp 377-396.
self, constructor, [seed=None]) |
Returns a random shell graph for the constructor given.
Input:
sage: G = graphs.RandomShell([(10,20,0.8),(20,40,0.8)]) sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(0, 3), (0, 7), (0, 8), (1, 2), (1, 5), (1, 8), (1, 9), (3, 6), (3, 11), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8), (4, 21), (5, 8), (5, 9), (6, 9), (6, 10), (7, 8), (7, 9), (8, 18), (10, 11), (10, 13), (10, 19), (10, 22), (10, 26), (11, 18), (11, 26), (11, 28), (12, 13), (12, 14), (12, 28), (12, 29), (13, 16), (13, 21), (13, 29), (14, 18), (16, 20), (17, 18), (17, 26), (17, 28), (18, 19), (18, 22), (18, 27), (18, 28), (19, 23), (19, 25), (19, 28), (20, 22), (24, 26), (24, 27), (25, 27), (25, 29)] sage: G.plot().show() # or G.show()
self, n, [gamma=3], [tries=100], [seed=None]) |
Returns a tree with a powerlaw degree distribution. Returns False on failure.
From the NetworkX documentation: A trial powerlaw degree sequence is chosen and then elements are swapped with new elements from a powerlaw distribution until the sequence makes a tree (size = order - 1).
Input:
We show the edge list of a random graph with 10 nodes and a power law exponent of 2.
sage: graphs.RandomTreePowerlaw(10, 2).edges(labels=False) [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 7), (6, 8), (6, 9)]
sage: G = graphs.RandomTreePowerlaw(15, 2) sage: if G: ... G.plot().show() # or G.show() (random output)
self, n) |
Returns a star graph with n+1 nodes.
A Star graph is a basic structure where one node is connected to all other nodes.
This constructor is dependant on NetworkX numeric labels.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, each star graph will be displayed with the first (0) node in the center, the second node (1) at the top, with the rest following in a counterclockwise manner. (0) is the node connected to all other nodes.
The star graph is a good opportunity to compare efficiency of filling a position dictionary vs. using the spring-layout algorithm for plotting. As far as display, the spring-layout should push all other nodes away from the (0) node, and thus look very similar to this constructor's positioning.
sage: import networkx
Compare the plots:
sage: n = networkx.star_graph(23) sage: spring23 = Graph(n) sage: posdict23 = graphs.StarGraph(23) sage: spring23.show() sage: posdict23.show()
View many star graphs as a SAGE Graphics Array
With this constructor (i.e., the position dictionary filled)
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.StarGraph(i+3) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
Compared to plotting with the spring-layout algorithm
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... spr = networkx.star_graph(i+3) ... k = Graph(spr) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self) |
Returns a tetrahedral graph (with 4 nodes).
A tetrahedron is a 4-sided triangular pyramid. The tetrahedral graph corresponds to the connectivity of the vertices of the tetrahedron. This graph is equivalent to a wheel graph with 4 nodes and also a complete graph on four nodes. (See examples below).
PLOTTING: The tetrahedral graph should be viewed in 3 dimensions. We chose to use the default spring-layout algorithm here, so that multiple iterations might yield a different point of reference for the user. We hope to add rotatable, 3-dimensional viewing in the future. In such a case, a string argument will be added to select the flat spring-layout over a future implementation.
Construct and show a Tetrahedral graph
sage: g = graphs.TetrahedralGraph() sage: g.show()
The following example requires networkx:
sage: import networkx as NX
Compare this Tetrahedral, Wheel(4), Complete(4), and the Tetrahedral plotted with the spring-layout algorithm below in a SAGE graphics array:
sage: tetra_pos = graphs.TetrahedralGraph() sage: tetra_spring = Graph(NX.tetrahedral_graph()) sage: wheel = graphs.WheelGraph(4) sage: complete = graphs.CompleteGraph(4) sage: g = [tetra_pos, tetra_spring, wheel, complete] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(2): ... n = [] ... for m in range(2): ... n.append(g[i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
self) |
Returns the Thomsen Graph.
The Thomsen Graph is actually a complete bipartite graph with (n1, n2) = (3, 3). It is also called the Utility graph.
PLOTTING: See CompleteBipartiteGraph.
sage: T = graphs.ThomsenGraph() sage: T Thomsen graph: Graph on 6 vertices sage: T.graph6_string() 'EFz_' sage: (graphs.ThomsenGraph()).show()
self, vertices, [augment=edges]) |
Accesses the generator of trees (graphs without cycles). Iterates over distinct, exhaustive representatives.
Input:
Sloane A000055:
sage: for i in range(0, 10): ... print len(list(graphs.trees(i))) 1 1 1 1 2 3 6 11 23 47
self, n) |
Returns a Wheel graph with n nodes.
A Wheel graph is a basic structure where one node is connected to all other nodes and those (outer) nodes are connected cyclically.
This constructor depends on NetworkX numeric labels.
PLOTTING: Upon construction, the position dictionary is filled to override the spring-layout algorithm. By convention, each wheel graph will be displayed with the first (0) node in the center, the second node at the top, and the rest following in a counterclockwise manner.
With the wheel graph, we see that it doesn't take a very large n at all for the spring-layout to give a counter-intuitive display. (See Graphics Array examples below).
We view many wheel graphs with a SAGE Graphics Array, first with this constructor (i.e., the position dictionary filled):
sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... k = graphs.WheelGraph(i+3) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
Next, using the spring-layout algorithm:
sage: import networkx sage: g = [] sage: j = [] sage: for i in range(9): ... spr = networkx.wheel_graph(i+3) ... k = Graph(spr) ... g.append(k) ... sage: for i in range(3): ... n = [] ... for m in range(3): ... n.append(g[3*i + m].plot(vertex_size=50, vertex_labels=False)) ... j.append(n) ... sage: G = sage.plot.plot.GraphicsArray(j) sage: G.show()
Compare the plotting:
sage: n = networkx.wheel_graph(23) sage: spring23 = Graph(n) sage: posdict23 = graphs.WheelGraph(23) sage: spring23.show() sage: posdict23.show()
Special Functions: __call__
self, vertices, [property=<function <lambda> at 0x2541578>], [augment=edges], [size=None]) |
Accesses the generator of isomorphism class representatives. Iterates over distinct, exhaustive representatives.
Input:
Print graphs on 3 or less vertices.
sage: for G in graphs(3, augment='vertices'): ... print G Graph on 0 vertices Graph on 1 vertex Graph on 2 vertices Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 2 vertices Graph on 3 vertices
Print graphs on 3 vertices.
sage: for G in graphs(3): ... print G Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 3 vertices Graph on 3 vertices
Generate all graphs with 5 vertices and 4 edges.
sage: L = graphs(5, size=4) sage: len(list(L)) 6
Generate all graphs with 5 vertices and up to 4 edges.
sage: L = list(graphs(5, lambda G: G.size() <= 4)) sage: len(L) 14 sage: graphs_list.show_graphs(L) # long time
Generate all graphs with degree at most 2, up to 6 vertices.
sage: property = lambda G: ( max([G.degree(v) for v in G] + [0]) <= 2 ) sage: L = list(graphs(6, property, augment='vertices')) sage: len(L) 45
Generate all bipartite graphs on up to 7 vertices: (see http://www.research.att.com/ njas/sequences/A033995)
sage: L = list( graphs(7, lambda G: G.is_bipartite(), augment='vertices') ) sage: [len([g for g in L if g.order() == i]) for i in [1..7]] [1, 2, 3, 7, 13, 35, 88]
Generate all bipartite graphs on exactly 8 vertices: (see http://www.research.att.com/ njas/sequences/A033995)
sage: L = list( graphs(8, lambda G: G.is_bipartite()) ) sage: len(L) 303
Generate graphs on the fly: (see http://www.research.att.com/ njas/sequences/A000088)
sage: for i in range(0, 7): ... print len(list(graphs(i))) 1 1 2 4 11 34 156
REFERENCE: Brendan D. McKay, Isomorph-Free Exhaustive generation. Journal of Algorithms Volume 26, Issue 2, February 1998, pages 306-324.
See About this document... for information on suggesting changes.