11.7 Sequences

Module: sage.structure.sequence

Sequences

A mutable sequence of elements with a common guaranteed category, which can be set immutable.

Sequence derives from list, so have all the functionality of lists and can be used wherever lists are used. When a sequence is created without explicitly given the common universe of the elements, the constructor coerces the first and second element to come canonical common parent, if possible, then the second and third, etc.. If this is possible, it then coerces everything into the canonical parent at the end. (Note that canonical coercion is very restrictive.) The sequence then has a function universe() which returns either the common canonical parent (if the coercion succeeded), or the category of all objects (Objects()). So if you have a list $ v$ and type

sage: v = [1, 2/3, 5]
sage: w = Sequence(v)
sage: w.universe()
Rational Field

then since w.universe() is $ \mathbf{Q}$ then you're guaranteed that all elements of $ w$ are rationals:

sage: v[0].parent()
Integer Ring
sage: w[0].parent()
Rational Field

If you do assignment to $ w$ this property of being rationals is guaranteed to be preserved.

sage: w[0] = 2
sage: w[0].parent()
Rational Field
sage: w[0] = 'hi'
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unable to convert hi to a rational

However, if you do w = Sequence(v) and the resulting universe is Objects(), the elements are not guaranteed to have any special parent. This is what should happen, e.g., with finite field elements of different characteristics:

sage: v = Sequence([GF(3)(1), GF(7)(1)])
sage: v.universe()
Category of objects

You can make a list immutable with v.freeze(). Assignment is never again allowed on an immutable list.

Creation of a sequence involves making a copy of the input list, and substantial coercions. It can be greatly sped up by explicitly specifying the universe of the sequence:

sage: v = Sequence(range(10000), universe=ZZ)

Class: seq

class seq
A mutable list of elements with a common guaranteed universe, which can be set immutable.

A universe is either an object that supports coercion (e.g., a parent), or a category.

Input:

x
- a list or tuple instance
universe
- (default: None) the universe of elements; if None determined using canonical coercions and the entire list of elements. If list is empty, is category Objects() of all objects.
check
- (default: True) whether to coerce the elements of x into the universe
immutable
- (default: True) whether or not this sequence is immutable
cr
- (default: False) if True, then print a carriage return after each comma when printing this sequence.

Output: a sequence

sage: v = Sequence(range(10))
sage: v.universe()
<type 'int'>
sage: v
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

You can also use seq for "Sequence", which is identical to using Sequence:

sage: v = seq([1,2,1/1]); v
[1, 2, 1]
sage: v.universe()
Rational Field
sage: v.parent()
Category of sequences in Rational Field
sage: v.parent()([3,4/3])
[3, 4/3]

Note that assignment coerces if possible,

sage: v = Sequence(range(10), ZZ)
sage: a = QQ(5)
sage: v[3] = a
sage: parent(v[3])
Integer Ring
sage: parent(a)
Rational Field
sage: v[3] = 2/3
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: no coercion of this rational to integer

Sequences can be used absolutely anywhere lists or tuples can be used:

sage: isinstance(v, list)
True

Sequence can be immutable, so entries can't be changed:

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3], immutable=True)
sage: v.is_immutable()
True
sage: v[0] = 5
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.

Sequences are hashable (unlike Python lists), though the hashing is potentially slow, since it first involves conversion of the sequence to a tuple, and returning the hash of that. The hash is cached, and is only recomputed if the sequence is changed (which has a small performance penalty for assignment).

sage: v = Sequence(range(10), ZZ); v[3] = 5 
sage: hash(v)
2083920238            # 32-bit
-8049699692026128018  # 64-bit
sage: v[0] = 10
sage: hash(v)
-377547984            # 32-bit
-2271601447248391376  # 64-bit

If you really know what you are doing, you can circumvent the type checking (for an efficiency gain):

sage: list.__setitem__(v, int(1), 2/3)        # bad circumvention
sage: v
[10, 2/3, 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
sage: list.__setitem__(v, int(1), int(2))     # not so bad circumvention

You can make a sequence with a new universe from an old sequence.

sage: w = Sequence(v, QQ)
sage: w
[10, 2, 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
sage: w.universe()
Rational Field
sage: w[1] = 2/3
sage: w
[10, 2/3, 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Sequences themselves live in a category, the category of all sequences in the given universe.

sage: w.category()
Category of sequences in Rational Field

This is also the parent of any sequence:

sage: w.parent()
Category of sequences in Rational Field

The default universe for any sequence, if no compatible parent structure can be found, is the universe of all SAGE objects.

This example illustrates how every element of a list is taken into account when constructing a sequence.

sage: v = Sequence([1,7,6,GF(5)(3)]); v
[1, 2, 1, 3]
sage: v.universe()
Finite Field of size 5
sage: v.parent()
Category of sequences in Finite Field of size 5
sage: v.parent()([7,8,9])
[2, 3, 4]

seq( self, x, [universe=None], [check=True], [immutable=False], [cr=False], [cr_str=None])

Functions: append,$ \,$ category,$ \,$ extend,$ \,$ insert,$ \,$ is_immutable,$ \,$ is_mutable,$ \,$ parent,$ \,$ pop,$ \,$ remove,$ \,$ reverse,$ \,$ set_immutable,$ \,$ sort,$ \,$ universe

append( self, x)

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4], immutable=True)
sage: v.append(34)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.
sage: v = Sequence([1/3,2,3,4])
sage: v.append(4)
sage: type(v[4])
<type 'sage.rings.rational.Rational'>

extend( self, iterable)

Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.

sage: B = Sequence([1,2,3])
sage: B.extend(range(4))
sage: B
[1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]

insert( self, index, object)

Insert object before index.

sage: B = Sequence([1,2,3])
sage: B.insert(10, 5)
sage: B
[1, 2, 3, 5]

is_immutable( self)

Return True if this object is immutable (can not be changed) and False if it is not.

To make this object immutable use self.set_immutable().

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4/5])
sage: v[0] = 5
sage: v
[5, 2, 3, 4/5]
sage: v.is_immutable()
False
sage: v.set_immutable()
sage: v.is_immutable()
True

pop( self, [index=-1])

remove and return item at index (default last)

sage: B = Sequence([1,2,3])
sage: B.pop(1)
2
sage: B
[1, 3]

remove( self, value)

Remove first occurrence of value

sage: B = Sequence([1,2,3])
sage: B.remove(2)
sage: B
[1, 3]

reverse( self)

Reverse the elements of self, in place.

sage: B = Sequence([1,2,3])
sage: B.reverse(); B
[3, 2, 1]

set_immutable( self)

Make this object immutable, so it can never again be changed.

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4/5])
sage: v[0] = 5
sage: v
[5, 2, 3, 4/5]
sage: v.set_immutable()
sage: v[3] = 7
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.

sort( self, [cmp=None], [key=None], [reverse=False])

Sort this list *IN PLACE*.

cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1

sage: B = Sequence([3,2,1/5])
sage: B.sort()
sage: B
[1/5, 2, 3]
sage: B.sort(reverse=True); B
[3, 2, 1/5]
sage: B.sort(cmp = lambda x,y: cmp(y,x)); B
[3, 2, 1/5]
sage: B.sort(cmp = lambda x,y: cmp(y,x), reverse=True); B
[1/5, 2, 3]

Special Functions: __copy__,$ \,$ __getslice__,$ \,$ __init__,$ \,$ __setitem__,$ \,$ __setslice__,$ \,$ __str__,$ \,$ _repr_,$ \,$ _require_mutable

__copy__( self)

Return a copy of this sequence

sage: s = seq(range(10))
sage: t = copy(s)
sage: t == s
True
sage: t.is_immutable == s.is_immutable
True
sage: t.is_mutable == s.is_mutable
True
sage: t.parent() == s.parent()
True

__getslice__( self, i, j)

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4], immutable=True)
sage: w = v[2:]
sage: w
[3, 4]
sage: type(w)
<class 'sage.structure.sequence.Sequence'>
sage: w[0] = 5; w
[5, 4]
sage: v
[1, 2, 3, 4]

__setslice__( self, i, j, seq)

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4], immutable=True)
sage: v[1:3] = [5,7]
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.
sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4])
sage: v[1:3] = [5, 3/1]
sage: v
[1, 5, 3, 4]
sage: type(v[2])
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>

__str__( self)

            sage: s = Sequence([1,2,3], cr=False)
            sage: str(s)
            '[1, 2, 3]'
            sage: repr(s)
            '[1, 2, 3]'
            sage: print s
            [1, 2, 3]
            sage: s = Sequence([1,2,3], cr=True)
            sage: str(s)
            '[
1,
2,
3
]'

Class: Sequence

class Sequence
A mutable list of elements with a common guaranteed universe, which can be set immutable.

A universe is either an object that supports coercion (e.g., a parent), or a category.

Input:

x
- a list or tuple instance
universe
- (default: None) the universe of elements; if None determined using canonical coercions and the entire list of elements. If list is empty, is category Objects() of all objects.
check
- (default: True) whether to coerce the elements of x into the universe
immutable
- (default: True) whether or not this sequence is immutable
cr
- (default: False) if True, then print a carriage return after each comma when printing this sequence.

Output: a sequence

sage: v = Sequence(range(10))
sage: v.universe()
<type 'int'>
sage: v
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

You can also use seq for "Sequence", which is identical to using Sequence:

sage: v = seq([1,2,1/1]); v
[1, 2, 1]
sage: v.universe()
Rational Field
sage: v.parent()
Category of sequences in Rational Field
sage: v.parent()([3,4/3])
[3, 4/3]

Note that assignment coerces if possible,

sage: v = Sequence(range(10), ZZ)
sage: a = QQ(5)
sage: v[3] = a
sage: parent(v[3])
Integer Ring
sage: parent(a)
Rational Field
sage: v[3] = 2/3
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: no coercion of this rational to integer

Sequences can be used absolutely anywhere lists or tuples can be used:

sage: isinstance(v, list)
True

Sequence can be immutable, so entries can't be changed:

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3], immutable=True)
sage: v.is_immutable()
True
sage: v[0] = 5
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.

Sequences are hashable (unlike Python lists), though the hashing is potentially slow, since it first involves conversion of the sequence to a tuple, and returning the hash of that. The hash is cached, and is only recomputed if the sequence is changed (which has a small performance penalty for assignment).

sage: v = Sequence(range(10), ZZ); v[3] = 5 
sage: hash(v)
2083920238            # 32-bit
-8049699692026128018  # 64-bit
sage: v[0] = 10
sage: hash(v)
-377547984            # 32-bit
-2271601447248391376  # 64-bit

If you really know what you are doing, you can circumvent the type checking (for an efficiency gain):

sage: list.__setitem__(v, int(1), 2/3)        # bad circumvention
sage: v
[10, 2/3, 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
sage: list.__setitem__(v, int(1), int(2))     # not so bad circumvention

You can make a sequence with a new universe from an old sequence.

sage: w = Sequence(v, QQ)
sage: w
[10, 2, 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
sage: w.universe()
Rational Field
sage: w[1] = 2/3
sage: w
[10, 2/3, 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Sequences themselves live in a category, the category of all sequences in the given universe.

sage: w.category()
Category of sequences in Rational Field

This is also the parent of any sequence:

sage: w.parent()
Category of sequences in Rational Field

The default universe for any sequence, if no compatible parent structure can be found, is the universe of all SAGE objects.

This example illustrates how every element of a list is taken into account when constructing a sequence.

sage: v = Sequence([1,7,6,GF(5)(3)]); v
[1, 2, 1, 3]
sage: v.universe()
Finite Field of size 5
sage: v.parent()
Category of sequences in Finite Field of size 5
sage: v.parent()([7,8,9])
[2, 3, 4]

Sequence( self, x, [universe=None], [check=True], [immutable=False], [cr=False], [cr_str=None])

Functions: append,$ \,$ category,$ \,$ extend,$ \,$ insert,$ \,$ is_immutable,$ \,$ is_mutable,$ \,$ parent,$ \,$ pop,$ \,$ remove,$ \,$ reverse,$ \,$ set_immutable,$ \,$ sort,$ \,$ universe

append( self, x)

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4], immutable=True)
sage: v.append(34)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.
sage: v = Sequence([1/3,2,3,4])
sage: v.append(4)
sage: type(v[4])
<type 'sage.rings.rational.Rational'>

extend( self, iterable)

Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.

sage: B = Sequence([1,2,3])
sage: B.extend(range(4))
sage: B
[1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]

insert( self, index, object)

Insert object before index.

sage: B = Sequence([1,2,3])
sage: B.insert(10, 5)
sage: B
[1, 2, 3, 5]

is_immutable( self)

Return True if this object is immutable (can not be changed) and False if it is not.

To make this object immutable use self.set_immutable().

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4/5])
sage: v[0] = 5
sage: v
[5, 2, 3, 4/5]
sage: v.is_immutable()
False
sage: v.set_immutable()
sage: v.is_immutable()
True

pop( self, [index=-1])

remove and return item at index (default last)

sage: B = Sequence([1,2,3])
sage: B.pop(1)
2
sage: B
[1, 3]

remove( self, value)

Remove first occurrence of value

sage: B = Sequence([1,2,3])
sage: B.remove(2)
sage: B
[1, 3]

reverse( self)

Reverse the elements of self, in place.

sage: B = Sequence([1,2,3])
sage: B.reverse(); B
[3, 2, 1]

set_immutable( self)

Make this object immutable, so it can never again be changed.

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4/5])
sage: v[0] = 5
sage: v
[5, 2, 3, 4/5]
sage: v.set_immutable()
sage: v[3] = 7
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.

sort( self, [cmp=None], [key=None], [reverse=False])

Sort this list *IN PLACE*.

cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1

sage: B = Sequence([3,2,1/5])
sage: B.sort()
sage: B
[1/5, 2, 3]
sage: B.sort(reverse=True); B
[3, 2, 1/5]
sage: B.sort(cmp = lambda x,y: cmp(y,x)); B
[3, 2, 1/5]
sage: B.sort(cmp = lambda x,y: cmp(y,x), reverse=True); B
[1/5, 2, 3]

Special Functions: __copy__,$ \,$ __getslice__,$ \,$ __init__,$ \,$ __setitem__,$ \,$ __setslice__,$ \,$ __str__,$ \,$ _repr_,$ \,$ _require_mutable

__copy__( self)

Return a copy of this sequence

sage: s = seq(range(10))
sage: t = copy(s)
sage: t == s
True
sage: t.is_immutable == s.is_immutable
True
sage: t.is_mutable == s.is_mutable
True
sage: t.parent() == s.parent()
True

__getslice__( self, i, j)

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4], immutable=True)
sage: w = v[2:]
sage: w
[3, 4]
sage: type(w)
<class 'sage.structure.sequence.Sequence'>
sage: w[0] = 5; w
[5, 4]
sage: v
[1, 2, 3, 4]

__setslice__( self, i, j, seq)

sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4], immutable=True)
sage: v[1:3] = [5,7]
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.
sage: v = Sequence([1,2,3,4])
sage: v[1:3] = [5, 3/1]
sage: v
[1, 5, 3, 4]
sage: type(v[2])
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>

__str__( self)

            sage: s = Sequence([1,2,3], cr=False)
            sage: str(s)
            '[1, 2, 3]'
            sage: repr(s)
            '[1, 2, 3]'
            sage: print s
            [1, 2, 3]
            sage: s = Sequence([1,2,3], cr=True)
            sage: str(s)
            '[
1,
2,
3
]'

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